Contextual Variables with an Impact on the Educational Inclusion of Students with Rare Diseases.

The context of a school may play a fundamental role in students' academic and personal progress. In this study, we focus on two contextual variables, the school type and school location or setting. The study used a questionnaire to assess teachers' knowledge and thoughts about rare diseases based on these variables, with the participation of 574 school teachers. To broaden the research perspective, another questionnaire was administered to members of 152 rare disease patient advocacy groups to ask about their participation in educational processes and analyse their results according to one of the contextual variables: the setting or location of each association. The results indicated statistically significant differences according to the variables examined, which were larger for the type of school variable. In short, numerous variables that influence the teaching and learning processes need to be considered in educational praxis; in this study, we looked at those of a contextual nature (for example, the geographic characteristics of schools and associations), and this is essential for increasingly heterogeneous educational locations that demand multidimensional approaches.

Rare Diseases in the Educational Field: Knowledge and Perceptions of Spanish Teachers.

BACKGROUND: Education plays a fundamental role in everyone's wellbeing. That means it is essential to provide quality inclusive activities to ensure equity and equality of opportunity in order to shape a cohesive, democratic, healthy society. METHODS: In this study we focus on how inclusive educational practice addresses students with rare diseases, looking at teachers' knowledge and opinions in this regard. A questionnaire was administered to 574 teachers who taught in various stages of non-university education to determine their knowledge and opinions about different dimensions: conceptualization, legislation, intervention, and diagnosis. RESULTS: The results suggested various ideas for improvement in pursuit of positive, real inclusion, such as the need to improve teachers' knowledge and understanding of these students' characteristics and potential, with widespread specific training being urgently needed. CONCLUSIONS: in summary, students' rights to education without discrimination is a basic premise of an educational system, leading to the need for a complete educational response that allows each student to develop as a person.

Diferencias en el autoconcepto entre alumnado con altas capacidades y alumnado general: un metaanálisis desde 2005 hasta 2020 / Differences in self-concept between gifted and non-gifted students: Ameta-analysis from 2005 to 2020

Los estudiantes con altas capacidades, aquellos que presentan una mayor probabilidad de lograr metas extraordinarias en uno o más dominios, generalmente difieren del alumnado general en algunas de las dimensiones del autoconcepto, o la percepción que tiene una persona de sí misma. Sin embargo, la investigación actual sobre altas capacidades ha evolucionado introduciendo nuevos posibles moderadores en estas diferencias por lo que se hace necesaria una actualización sobre el tema. El objetivo del presente metaanálisis (referencia: CRD42018094723) fue sintetizar los estudios desde 2005 sobre las diferencias en el autoconcepto entre estudiantes con altas capacidades y alumnado general. Los resultados mostraron que los alumnos con altas capacidades presentan niveles superiores de autoconcepto global y académico, especialmente el matemático. Sin embargo, no se hallaron diferencias en autoconceptos conductual y emocional, y hubo puntuaciones levemente más bajas en autoconcepto social. En el autoconcepto físico, estos estudiantes puntúan notablemente más bajo que el alumnado general. Las diferencias en esta subdimensión están moderadas por los procedimientos de identificación, la procedencia y la edad, por lo que se sugieren que los estereotipos sociales acerca de las altas capacidades, así como los hábitos de actividad física podrían estar detrás de las dichas diferencias.(AU)

Gifted students (i.e., those who are more likely to achieve ex-traordinary goals in one or more domains) generally differ from the non-gifted students in some of the dimensions of self-concept (i.e., a person's perception of him/herself). However, the current research on giftedness has evolvedto introduce new possible moderators of these differences so it has become necessary to carry out an update on the topic. The aim of the present meta-analysis (reference: CRD42018094723) was to synthesise the studies since 2005 on differences in self-concept between gifted and non-gifted students. The results showed that gifted students have higher levels of general and academic self-concept, especially in math self-concept. However, no differences were found in behavioural and emotion-al self-concepts, andonly slightly lower scores in social self-concept. In physical self-concept they scored significantly lower than non-gifted stu-dents. The differences in this sub-dimension are moderated by identifica-tion procedures, geographical area, and age, so it is suggested that social stereotypes about giftedness as well as physical activity habits may be some of the reasons for these differences.(AU)

Inclusive Education for Health: Analysis of the Mandatory Nature of Vaccination and Its Regulation by Administrations, and Implications and Considerations for Vaccination against COVID.

In the process of vaccination against COVID-19, the problem of parents who do not want to vaccinate their school-age children has been evident. A conflict arises between two fundamental rights: the right to ideological freedom, privacy, and physical integrity of parents and minors who do not opt for vaccination; and the right to health of the rest of the children who attend the same school, provoking a social debate on the need to introduce regulatory changes that favor the mandatory imposition of vaccination in certain cases. This research offers an observational study through a cross-sectional design of a quantitative nature, in which one thousand people belonging to the education, health, and economy sectors from seventy-six countries of five continents have participated. The instrument used was a previously validated questionnaire: VACUNASEDUCA. It was considered essential to know the awareness of vaccination processes of professionals from essential social sectors. Therefore, the objectives were: to reflect on the measures of mandatory vaccination, to know the importance of teachers being able to demand a regulated vaccination card from students, to study the need for regulation by administrations of compliance with vaccines, and to analyze the importance of health education. It has been shown that women and those under thirty years of age are the least in favor of compulsory vaccination, with the health sector being the most defending of their demand, and with Europe with the lowest means. It is concluded that mandatory vaccination could be an acceptable tactical option to prevent high-risk situations.

The Need for Health Education and Vaccination-Importance of Teacher Training and Family Involvement.

The health emergency due to COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of vaccination and its impact on social welfare. Inequalities have surfaced that affect the most vulnerable and those millions of children do not receive the necessary vaccines. Health education becomes a fundamental resource for citizens to access universal rights. One thousand people from 76 countries on five continents participated in this research in 2019-2020, from the health, education, and economic sectors. A descriptive cross-sectional study with a quantitative design was used. The instrument used was a correctly validated questionnaire: VACUNASEDUCA. The objectives were to reflect on the adequacy of teacher training and their awareness for the proper use of vaccines and to analyze the knowledge of parents about the consequences of vaccination. The results demonstrate the importance of teacher training and health education, with positive involvement of the family. The most favorable group is female, under 30 years, from the European continent, with a very high Human Development Index (HDI), and from the education sector. In conclusion, it is noted that, within the framework of the fourth industrial revolution, education must be configured with innovative approaches and tools, making it necessary to intervene in the context considering their cultural characteristics and promoting healthy lifestyle habits.

The influence of teaching variables in the educational processes of students with rare diseases.

Introduction: Teachers have a key role in their students' educational inclusion processes. Numerous variables influence their professional work and determine how they approach teaching. Methods: In this study, 574 teachers teaching non-university educational stages in the Autonomous Community of Castilla-La Mancha were queried about their knowledge and perceptions regarding students with rare diseases, examining the extent to which there were personal variables that could have an impact on that. Results: The results indicate the need to expand training to increase levels of knowledge in the educational arena about rare diseases, especially about how they are conceptually described and their categorization and prevalence. All of the teaching variables evaluated were statistically significant, with p < 0.001 in most of the elements evaluated according to each of the following variables: sex, age, job position, teaching experience, and higher qualifications. This shows that there are teaching variables that influence the inclusion of students with rare diseases. Being aware of them should be a priority in order to increase teacher empowerment for the delivery of inclusive educational processes. Discussion: All students exhibit distinctive characteristics and teachers play an essential role in offering them quality individualized education. The full inclusion of all students is something educational systems have yet to achieve, and this study aimed to contribute to that goal, in this case for schoolchildren with rare diseases.

Health Education and Vaccination for the Construction of Inclusive Societies.

Globalization has led to what has happened in a certain part of the world having a significant and rapid impact on other places, causing significant changes in health problems. In the last quarter of the 18th century, the history of vaccination began, becoming an effective tool to prevent and control communicable diseases. This paper proposes an observational research with a cross-sectional design to study the importance of health education and vaccination in building inclusive societies. With a sample of 1000 participants from 76 countries, vaccine awareness and regulation were analyzed, considering the following variables: gender, age, sector, Human Development Index (HDI), and continent. The instrument used was a questionnaire (VACUNASEDUCA) developed for this research and timely validated. As a result, it is highlighted that the profiles of women, people under 30 years of age, education sector, high Human Development Index, and European continent are those that most value the importance of raising awareness in society and the regulation of actions for vaccination compliance. The consequences of "vaccine reluctance" are of concern in every country on the planet. Therefore, it is concluded that effective and evidence-based communication is key to allaying fears and promoting acceptance of vaccination around the world, building inclusive societies in which all citizens enjoy the health benefits.

Comparison Between Performance Levels for Mathematical Competence: Results for the Sex Variable.

Schools promote all-round education for each of their students. This requires teachers to work on all of the possibilities offered by a subject, including mathematical ability. This process of adjustment and individualization is essential for students who have excellent performance or aptitudes. This study uses an ex post facto, descriptive and quantitative research methodology to examine the results of giving the online version of the Evaluation Battery for Mathematical Ability (BECOMA On) to 3795 5th-year primary school students. The sample was selected from 147 Spanish schools from 16 autonomous regions and 2 autonomous municipalities. Three levels of performance were identified, 3 being the highest, and different statistical indices were calculated for each of them. The results were also analyzed according to sex, with statistically significant differences in the highest performance level. In addition, the study highlighted a diagnostic gap in the identification of higher capacity students, a pending challenge for education systems for the educational inclusion of all students.

Design and Validation of an Instrument for Evaluating Training and Education for Health and Proper Use of Vaccines "VACUNASEDUCA".

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the design and validation of a questionnaire, to study the importance of vaccines in the health of children. It is based on the analysis of a complete conceptual framework, considering the factors that show the current situation of vaccines, in the context of education for health and coexistence on the international scene. One thousand subjects from 76 countries participated in the study. The validity of the questionnaire was carried out with 15 experts, resulting in a content validity index (IVC) for each high dimension, with the mean IVC being the questionnaire with a Fleiss' kappa result of 0.96. The process led to a final design consisting of 12 items. The statistic used to identify the degree of consistency in the estimates and calculate the value of the match between the evaluators was the index Fleiss' kappa, which yielded an overall result of 0.57, which was considered moderate. The results obtained make it possible to conclude that the VACUNASEDUCA questionnaire is valid for understanding the status of vaccines, the importance of teacher training on health prevention, and the influence of student vaccination on the health of peers and teachers, from a gender perspective.

Math Performance and Sex: The Predictive Capacity of Self-Efficacy, Interest and Motivation for Learning Mathematics.

Differences between the sexes in education is something of particular interest in much research. This study sought to investigate the possible differences between the sexes in math performance, and to deeply examine the causal factors for those differences. Beginning from the administration of the BECOMA-On (Online Evaluation Battery of Mathematics Skills) to 3,795 5th year primary students aged 10-11, in 16 Spanish autonomous communities and the 2 autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. The results for each sex were compared to their perceptions of self-efficacy about completing the test items, and with their interest in and motivation for mathematics. Statistically significant differences were seen in the variables examined. The boys were generally more engaged with science and technical subjects. Generalizing from studies such as this aims to more thoroughly explore, and improve this situation.

La inclusión educativa de las personas con trastornos alimentarios en aulas hospitalarias / The educational inclusion of people with eating disorders in hospital classrooms

Resumen Uno de los principales problemas de salud mental que afecta a la población adolescente son los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA), dada su gravedad, cronicidad, necesidad de tratamiento multidimensional y posibilidad de requerir hospitalización. Por ello, bajo un enfoque descriptivo, cualitativo y enmarcada en el contexto socioeducativo, esta investigación buscó analizar los beneficios y las dificultades que conllevan las aulas hospitalarias, según la percepción de los pacientes, de los padres/madres y del profesorado de los centros educativos de referencia del alumnado ingresado en una Unidad de TCA. Inicialmente, 205 participantes (79 pacientes, 73 padres/madres y 53 profesores) completaron un cuestionario diseñado exprofeso; posteriormente, 24 participantes fueron entrevistados (ocho de cada sector). La mayoría de los pacientes y sus padres/madres valoraron positivamente el trabajo realizado en el aula hospitalaria. Respecto al profesorado, resultó notorio que solo un tercio acusó problemas de coordinación en el proceso educativo, sin embargo, fue también pequeña la proporción de profesores que se mostraron implicados en él. Este estudio abre vías de debate conducentes a la inclusión educativa del paciente hospitalizado y la mejora de la pedagogía hospitalaria, y entre éstas destaca la necesaria complementación y coordinación entre las funciones educativas de la familia y la escuela.

Abstract Eating disorders (EDs) are one of the main issues concerning mental health that affects to adolescent population, due to its gravity, the need of a multidimensional treatment and the likelihood of hospitalization. Therefore, under a descriptive, qualitative and socio-educational approach, this research aimed to analyze the benefits and difficulties that hospital classrooms entail, according to the perception of patients, parents and teachers of educational centers where students with EDs were referred. Initially, 205 participants (79 patients, 73 parents and 53 teachers) completed a questionnaire designed exprofesso; subsequently, 24 participants were interviewed (eight from each sector). Most of patients and their parents valued positively the work done in the hospital classroom. Regard teaching staff, it was notorious that only one third reported coordination problems in the educational process, notwithstanding, the proportion of teachers who were involved was small. This study opens debate leading to the educational inclusion of the hospitalized patient and the improvement of hospital pedagogy, and among these, the need of complementation and coordination between the educational functions of the family and the school.

Bullying and depression: the moderating effect of social support, rejection and victimization profile / Acoso escolar y depresión: el efecto moderador del apoyo social, el rechazo y el perfil de la victimización

Peer relationships can be shaped as influential factors in the prevalence of bullying episodes. This research aims to analyze the effect of school bullying on the levels of depression of the victims and to what extent it is affected by social support and status in the group and by the profile of victimization. Several hierarchical linear regression analyses were calculated, in a sample of 1063 students aged 10 to 14 (47.8% of girls, M = 11.59 years, SD = 1.21 years), from 10 school of the Region of Madrid. The degree of influence of the studied variables was observed: lack of social support, peer rejection, withdrawal and impulsivity behaviors, and the relationship of all of them with victimization and depression. Findings revealed the influence of the lack of social support on the depression of victimized students. However, peer rejection did not show influence on the levels of depression of the victims. In addition, victimization associated with internalizing characteristics showed a greater association with depression than victimization associated with an externalizing profile

Las relaciones dentro del grupo de iguales pueden conformarse como factores influyentes en la prevalencia de los episodios de acoso escolar. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto del acoso escolar sobre los niveles de depresión de las víctimas y en qué medida se ve afectado por el apoyo social, el estatus en el grupo y por el perfil de la victimización. Se calcularon varios modelos de regresión jerárquica lineal, en una muestra de 1063 alumnos, entre 10 y 14 años (47.8 % de chicas; M = 11.59 años, DT = 1.21 años), de 10 centros educativos de la Comunidad de Madrid. Se observó el grado de influencia de las variables estudiadas: falta de apoyo social, rechazo de los pares, conductas de retraimiento y de impulsividad, y la relación de todas ellas con la victimización y la depresión. Los resultados revelaron la influencia de la falta de apoyo social en los alumnos victimizados sobre la depresión. Sin embargo, el rechazo de los iguales no mostró influencia sobre los niveles de depresión de las víctimas. Además, las víctimas con características de tipo internalizante mostraron una mayor asociación con la depresión que las víctimas con características externalizantes

Educación inclusiva en contextos inéditos: la implementación de la Pedagogía Hospitalaria / Inclusive education in new contexts: the implementation of Hospital Pedagogy / Educação inclusiva em novos contextos: a implemantação da Pedagogia Hospitalar

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los beneficios de la Pedagogía Hospitalaria en las Unidades de Salud Mental que reciben pacientes en edad escolar que permanecen largos períodos ingresados. Esto los aparta del sistema escolar ordinario. Esta investigación la hemos desarrollado durante diez años con una metodología mixta. En la contextualización del marco teórico, estudiamos la evolución de esta disciplina y los factores que intervienen. Destacamos que el alumnado valora positivamente superar su curso académico con éxito, la enseñanza personalizada de los docentes del Aula Hospitalaria, y la posibilidad de evadirse del medio hospitalario. Estas conclusiones demandan una mayor implicación y formación del profesorado para un trabajo coordinado, y el uso de las TIC en conexión con los centros educativos, para propiciar una educación inclusiva.

The aim of this study is to analyze the benefits of hospital pedagogy in mental health units that treat long‒term school‒age patients, causing them to miss a samount of time in the regular education system. The research took place over a period of ten years and is eclectic in its approach. As part of the contextualization of the theoretical framework, the development of this discipline and various intervening factors are studied. The results show that students view successful completion of their academic level, the personalized teaching from hospital school teachers and the ability to get away from the hospital environment in a positive light. These conclusions demonstrate the need for a greater level of teacher involvement and training that will result in work that is more coordinated between high schools and the hospital school and the use of ICT in education centers to promote inclusive education

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os benefícios da Pedagogia Hospitalar em Unidades de Saúde Mental que tratam de pacientes de longa permanência em idade escolar,os afastando do sistema de ensino regular. A pesquisa se desenvolve durante um período de dez anos e é eclética em sua abordagem. Na contextualização do quadro teórico, é estudada a evolução dessa disciplina e os diversos fatores intervenientes. Destaca‒se que os alunos acreditam que irão concluir de maneira bem‒sucedida seu ano acadêmico, valorizam o ensino personalizado por professores da escola do hospital e, assim, poderão sair do ambiente hospitalar. Essas conclusões exigem um maior nível de envolvimento e da formação do professor, para que haja um trabalho mais coordenado de IES/Sala de Aula Hospitalar e o uso das TIC em conexão com os centros de educação, de forma a promover a educação inclusiva